Use of an acetylated pre-gelled starch with a high content of amylose

ABSTRACT

A starch with a high content in amylose, obtained through a process comprising acetylation and pre-gellation, can provide useful coatings in food, drug, cosmetic and dietetic fields, both for humans and animals, and also in agriculture.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] A chemically modified starch with a high content in amylose, obtained through a pre-gellation process, allows to obtain films endowed with a suitable mechanical resistance for the production of capsules and coatings for solid formulations used in drug, cosmetic, food and dietetic fields, and also in agriculture.

State of the Art

[0002] There are several different types of starch depending on the original variety, for instance maize, rice, potato and tapioca, and on the different percentage of amylopectin and amylose. Starches having a high content of amylose (hereinafter HAS) show at least 50% of said substance on their total weight. They can come from particular vegetal hybrids or they are prepared by enriching with amylose starches with a poor content of said component. Amylose attributes consistence properties heat stability, water resistance and adhesiveness, so that starches having a high content of amylose (hereinafter HAS) shows undoubtful advantages if compared with other starches. Examples of HAS are those commercially available with the trademarks Eurylon™, Amylon™, Exylon™, and Nabond™.

[0003] HAS are used either as such or modified through various physical or chemical processes. One of the physical processes is pre-gellation, in which starch undergoes a heat treatment in the presence of water, thus losing its granular form and becoming water soluble at low temperatures. Among the chemical processes we can quote esterification and etherification, for instance acetylation. HAS are used in several fields such as food and pharmaceutical industry. As far as its uses in food field are concerned we can mention for instance U.S. Pat. No. 3,751,268 (belonging to American Maize-Products Company), which discloses the use a non-modified non-gelled HAS for coating foods to be fried in deep oil. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,487,786 (belonging to Lamb-Weston Inc.) claims a method for coating frozen foods by means of a mixture comprising a HAS, wheat flour and an edible acid.

[0004] In the pharmaceutical field they are used for several aims. For instance the patent application EP 0 964 000 (belonging to Roquette Freres) discloses a diluting and disintegrating composition containing a HAS, preferably Eurylon™ included in a pre-gelled starch matrix, which can be used to produce solid forms such as powders or tablets.

[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,385 (in the name of R. P. Scherer Corporation) relates to soft gelatin capsules in which a certain percentage of gelatin is replaced by a HAS. These capsules show a lower tendency to stick one another, they are more resistant and have a better appearance.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 4,026,986 (in the name of The Dow Chemical Company) relates on the other hand to capsules which can be wholly constituted by a hydroxyalkylated HAS. These capsule show the advantage of being more uniform, more stable to water and high temperatures during the manufacturing process, and cheaper.

[0007] GB 810,306 (in the name of The Upjohn Company) claims among other things an amylose diester, preferably an acetate phthalate amylose, which can be used as a coating for gastro-resistant pharmaceutical preparations. This kind of coating shows nevertheless a disadvantage due to the permanence of possible residues of phthalic acid in the finished product which should absolutely be removed through a quite complex process consisting of 4 re-suspensions in deionized water at room temperature, followed by a treatment with boiling water.

[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,724 (in the name of Warner-Lambert Company) claims capsules for pharmaceutical use made of a starch/water mixture. The manufacturing process for these capsules is exceedingly complex and is not regarded as industrially convenient.

[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,276 (belonging to National Starch and Chemical Investment Holding Corp.) describes a method for obtaining a starch which is resistant to amylase, i.e. the enzyme hydrolyzing starch in the intestine. This method provides for the gellation of a starch having a content of amylose above 40% and then its treatment with an enzyme which can “de-branch” starch chains.

[0010] The coating of pharmaceutical, food, dietetic and cosmetic forms for humans and animals and the coating of seeds in agriculture has several functions. Among the most important ones there is in the pharmac utical industry the need to cover the unpleasant taste of some active principles or compositions, the possibility to protect the formulation from room humidity for example food industry and in agriculture in the food and pharmaceutical industry, humidity, which can cause degradation phenomena, in the pharmaceutical and food industry the need is felt for a gastro-resistance, so that the drug or nourishing agent reaches intact the intestine to be absorbed.

[0011] In the food field this problem has a particular relevance, since for legislative reasons it is not possible to use acrylic and methacrylic polymers, such as Eudragit™, commonly used in the pharmaceutical field. The only material which can be useful to the aforesaid purposes and which can legally be used is shellac, which nevertheless shows problems related to lot, weight and structure uniformity, and also requires solvents different from water for its processing and application.

[0012] Beyond these specific problems the need for non-toxic materials which are well tolerated by organisms is always present in both sectors. For instance some users find difficulty in digesting coatings based on gelatin, and in addition more and more people require and prefer pharmaceutical and food/dietetic preparations containing as much as possible of natural products or products of natural origin.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] It has now been surprisingly found that an acetylated pre-gelled starch having a high content of amylose allows to produce capsules or coatings for solid formulations with reduced costs which are humidity- and light-resistant in some cases, gastro-resistant, which cover unpleasant tastes or smells, or In same case which are slow-release, by operating in an aqueous solvent.

[0014] Therefore, the present invention relates to the use of a pre-gelled acetylated starch with a high content of amylose for the production of capsules or coatings for solid formulations in drug, cosmetic, food and dietetic fields, both for humans and for animals and in agriculture for coating seeds.

Description of the Invention

[0015] Scope of the present invention is the use of an acetylated pre-gelled starch having a high content of amylose for the manufacturing of capsules and coatings for solid formulations in drug, cosmetic, food and dietetic fields, both for humans and animals and also for coating seeds in agriculture.

[0016] The starch according to the present invention can be high amylose starch which can be found in nature from various sources, such as maize, potato, rice, wheat, sorghum, tapioca, etc., or which can be obtained by enriching with amylose any of the commercially available starches. Maize starch is preferred for the aims of the present invention.

[0017] Preferably, the starch according to the present invention is naturally or artificially enriched with above 50% by weight amylose. More preferably, the starch according to the present invention is a starch naturally containing amylose in a percentage equal to or above 50% by weight. More preferably for the aims of the present invention, a starch containing more than 90% by weight of amylose Is used.

[0018] The starch according to the present invention can be used alone or in combination with plasticizers and/or lubricants. Plasticizers can be selected from the group comprising sorbitol, glycerol, triethylcitrate, polysorbate, carnauba wax, PEG, preferably 6000 and mixtures thereof. Lubricants can be selected from the group comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone, glycerol monostearate, colloidal silica, kaolin, titanium dioxide, magnesium stearate, alginates, talc and mixtures thereof. Talc is preferably used.

[0019] Preferably, starch compositions according to the present invention contain one or more plasticizers in amounts of 10-50% by weight referred to the starch weight, preferably 10%; one or more lubricants in amounts of 20-70% by weight referred to the starch weight, preferably 50%.

[0020] The compositions according to the present invention can also contain agents modulating the capacity of the capsule or of the coating to dissolve in given times or at given pH values, for example agents giving gastro-resistance selected from the group comprising acacia, shellac, cellulose and mixtures thereof. These are contained in amounts of 10 to 70% by weight on starch weight. Moreover, said compositions can contain other excipients such as for instance dyers.

[0021] The starch used for the aims of the present inventions is obtained from a maize starch with a high content of amylose, i.e. a content of amylose above 50% by weight. This starch is first acetylated using methods known to the person skilled in the art, for instance as described in Starch, Whistler, Bemiller and Pascal eds., Academic Press, (1984), page 332 and ff. Acetylation is preferably carried out with acetic anhydride, so as to obtain a percentage of acetylic groups higher than 0.5% by weight, but lower than 2.5% by weight. The starch thus modified then undergoes a pre-gellation/baking stage according to methods known to the people skilled in the art. In particular, acetylated starch is dispersed in an aqueous solution which is then poured onto a rotating drum heated at a temperature between 100° C. and 130° C., operating at pressures between 2 and 3 bar, so that on touching the roll surface the dispersion “explodes” with subsequent water evaporation in 30 seconds to 3 minutes. A gel layer containing the modified starch is thus deposited onto the rotating drum surface. This gel, usually having a humidity percentage varying from 5 to 10% by weight, solidifies and is removed by scraping.

[0022] The acetylated pre-gelled HAS is for example also available on the market for example with the trade name acetylated Eurylon™ G.

[0023] Acetylated pre-gelled starch is used to coat tablets, capsules, pellets and microgranules or to prepare hard or soft capsules according to known methods. For instance tablets and capsules can be coated with the starch according to the present invention by film-coating in a tray. The coating of pellets and microgranules, on the contrary, is usually carried out by film-coating in a fluidized bed, spray drying, spray congealing, ultrasonic atomization, rotogranulation or spheronization.

[0024] For the manufacture of soft and hard capsules using the starch according to the present invention the methods to be followed are those commonly known in the field. See for instance U.S. Pat. No. 2,299,039 (belonging to Robert P. Scherer). Preferably, the coating procedure encompasses suspending in water the starch according to the present invention together with possible excipients at 50-60° C. with a solid concentration of 10 to 25% by weight and preferably 20% by weight. The modified starch according to the present invention can provide coatings with an excellent resistance, while maintaining at the same time an acceptable viscosity degree enabling the processing thereof.

[0025] The starch according to the present invention allows to obtain coatings which can be protective from humidity, coatings, which are able to cover tastes or smells, which are in some cases even gastro-resistant and/or allowing a delayed release. Depending on the kind of coating to obtain a different amount of starch for surface unit to be coated is used in the covering processes.

[0026] In particular, in ord r to obtain a gastro-resistant coating it is necessary to use an amount of starch of 5 to 15 mg/cm², preferably 15 mg/cm², which can be reduced to an amount of 2 to 10 mg/cm², preferably 5 mg/cm², if the composition contains the above-mentioned agents giving gastro-resistance.

[0027] If the coating is used for protection from humidity and light such as in agriculture and food industry, for covering unpleasant tastes or smells or for slow-release, the amount of starch to be used is between 2 and 10 mg/cm², and preferably 5 mg/cm².

[0028] The invention will now be described in further detail thanks to the following examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Gastro-resistant Coating Formulation for Tablets

[0029] The following formulation can be used for coating with 5 mg/cm² of starch a lot of 8.3 kg of tablets, with a diameter of 7.5 mm, a height of 3.5 mm, each weighing 180 mg: Modified starch    395 g Shellac  197.5 g Ammonium carbonate  197.5 g Talc  197.5 g Titanium dioxide    66 g Triethylcitrate  19.75 g Sorbitol  19.75 g Water 3661.25 g Total  4576.5 g

[0030] The solid content of the formulation is 20% w/w.

[0031] The total amount of starch in the formulation has been thus calculated:

[0032] surface area of a tablet:

[0033] S=π(7.5 mm·3.5 mm+(7.5 mm)²/2)=170.74 mm²

[0034] amount of starch for each tablet:

[0035] q=(5 mg/cm²·170.74·10⁻² cm²)=8.54 mg

[0036] amount of starch in the whole lot:

[0037] Q=8.54 mg·8.3·10⁶ mg/180 mg=393.8·10³ mg

EXAMPLE 2 Gastro-resistant Coating Formulation for Soft Gelatin Capsules

[0038] The following formulation can be used for coating a lot of soft gelatin capsules weighing 8 kg, with a length of 13 mm, a height of 7.5 mm, each weighing each 450 mg, with an amount of starch of 15 mg/cm²: Modified starch  820 g Talc  410 g Glycerol  82 g Water 5248 g Total 6560 g

[0039] The solid content of the formulation is 20%.

[0040] The total amount of starch in the formulation has been thus calculated:

[0041] surface area of a capsule:

[0042] S=π(7.5 mm·13 mm)=306.15 mm²

[0043] amount of starch for each capsule:

[0044] q=15 mg/cm²·306.15·10⁻² cm²=46 mg

[0045] amount of starch in the whole lot:

[0046] Q=46 mg·8·10⁶ mg/450 mg=818·10³ mg

[0047] Gastro-resistance test

[0048] The gastro-resistance of tablets and capsules coated with the formulations described in Examples 1 and 2 is evaluated according to the directives of F.U. X Ed. In particular, six tablets or capsules are introduced into a disintegrating device containing 0,1 N hydrochloric acid (pH=2) at 37° C. After 2 hours no disgregation can be observed. The tablets or capsules are then transferred to a buffer solution with pH=6.8. Under these conditions all tablets or capsules disintegrated in less than 10 minutes.

EXAMPLE 3

[0049] Protective Coating Formulation for Soft Gelatin Capsules or Tables

[0050] The following formulation can be used for coating with an amount of starch of 5 mg/cm² a lot of soft gelatin capsules weighing 8 kg, with a length of 13 mm, a height of 7.5 mm and weighing each 450 mg, so as to obtain protection from humidity and light: Modified starch   275 g Talc 137.5 g Glycerol  27.5 g Water  1760 g Total  2200 g

[0051] The solid content of the formulation is 20%.

[0052] The total amount of starch in the formulation has been thus calculated:

[0053] surface area of a capsule:

[0054] S=π(7.5 mm·13 mm)=306.15 mm²

[0055] amount of starch for each capsule:

[0056] q=5 mg/cm²·306.15·10⁻² cm²=15.3 mg

[0057] amount of starch in the whole lot:

[0058] Q=15.3 mg·8·10⁶ mg/450 mg=272·10³ mg

[0059] Humidity resistance test

[0060] The resistance to humidity of capsules coated with the formulation in Example 3 is evaluated. To this purpose 100 capsules are kept in a non-dehumidified ambient under non-controlled temperature conditions for a month. At the end of this period a visual inspection of the capsules is carried out, confirming the absence of any alteration.

[0061] Viscosity of a suspension with 20% of starch

[0062] The viscosity of a suspension containing 20% of modified starch is analyzed using a Brookfield Viscosimeter (DV-II model, probe no. 5, 20 rpm). The viscosity values obtained at different temperatures are listed in the table below: TEMPERATURE (° C.) VISCOSITY (mPa · s) 80 4500 70 5500 60 7000 50 10000 

[0063] Viscosity of formulations for tablets or capsules coating

[0064] The Brookfield viscosity of the following formulations used for tablets or capsules coating is measured at 60° C. under the same operating conditions as in previous viscosity test: a) formulation 1 Modified starch  81 g Neosorb P100  9 g Water 510 g b) formulation 2 Modified starch  81 g Glycerol  9 g Water 510 g b) formulation 3 Modified starch  87 g Neosorb P100  3 g Water 510 g d) formulation 4 Modified starch  87 g Glycerol  3 g Water 510 g

[0065] The viscosity values obtained for the various formulations are listed in the table below: FORMULATION VISCOSITY (mPa · s) 1 480 2 400 3 520 4 500 

1. Use of an acetylated pre-gelled starch having a high content of amylose for the production of capsules and coatings for solid formulations in drug, cosmetic, food and dietetic fields, both for humans and for animals and for coating seeds.
 2. Use according to claim 1, in which said starch shows a percentage of acetylic groups of 0.5 to 2.5% by weight.
 3. Use according to claim 1, in which said starch is maize starch,
 4. Use according to claim 1, in which said starch is a starch synthetically enriched with amylose in a percentage greater than or equal to 50% by weight.
 5. Use according to claim 1, in which said starch naturally contains amylose in a percentage greater than or equal to 50% by weight.
 6. Use according to claim 1, in which said starch has a content of amylose greater than 90%.
 7. Use according to claim 1, in which said starch is mixed with plasticizers and/or lubricants.
 8. Use according to claim 7, in which said plasticizers are selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, glycerol, triethylcitrate, polysorbate, camauba wax, PEG, and mixtures thereof.
 9. Use according to claim 7, in which said lubricants are selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl pyrrolidone, glycerol monostearate, colloidal silica, kaolin, titanium dioxide, magnesium stearate, alginates, talc and mixtures thereof.
 10. Use according to claim 9, in which said lubricant is talc.
 11. Use according to claim 8, in which said plasticizers are present in an amount of 10% to 50% by weight referred to the starch weight.
 12. Use according to claim 11, in which said plasticizers are present in an amount of 10% by weight referred to the starch weight.
 13. Use according to claim 9, in which said lubricants are present in an amount of 20% to 70% referred to the starch weight.
 14. Use according to claim 13, in which said lubricants are present in an amount of 50% referred to the starch weight.
 15. Use according to claim 7, in which said starch is associated with agents dissolving in given times or at given pH values.
 16. Use according to claim 15, in which said agents are selected from the group comprising acacia, shellac, cellulose and mixtures thereof.
 17. Use according to claim 16, in which said agents are contained in amounts of 10% to 70% by weight referred to the starch weight.
 18. Use according to claim 1, in which said coatings are gastro-resistant coatings and said starch is used in an amount of 5 to 15 mg by cm² of surface to be coated.
 19. Use according to claim 18, in which said starch is used in an amount of 15 mg/cm².
 20. Use according to claim 16, in which said coatings are gastro-resistant and said starch is used in an amount of 2 to 10 mg by cm² of surface to be coated.
 21. Use according to claim 20, in which said starch is used in an amount of 5 mg/cm².
 22. Use according to claim 1, in wherein said coatings are humidity- and light-resistant, for covering unpleasant tastes or smells, for obtaining a delayed release, or for coating seeds and wherein said starch is used in an amount of 2 to 10 mg/cm² of surface to be coated.
 23. Use according to claim 22, in which said starch is used in an amount of 5 mg/cm². 